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Objective:To evaluate the aesthetic results of bilateral breast symmetry after reduction mammaplasty, we proposed a handheld 3D scanner-based evaluation method to achieve the desired aesthetic effects.Methods:From June 2018 to June 2019, a total of 56 female patients with an average age of 34 years (18 to 56 years) requested for bilateral breast reduction in the Department of Aesthetic and Reconstructive Breast Surgery, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College. Three-dimensional scans were performed intraoperatively in 27 cases in study group, and symmetry adjustments were made during breast contouring based on the analysis results; in the control group, a total of 29 patients did not undergo three-dimensional scans intraoperatively. Three-dimensional scans were obtained from both groups 3 months after surgery to objectively assess breast symmetry. Six third-party physicians scored the two groups based on anonymous photographs of the patients in 5 dimensions of breast symmetry to assess the symmetry of the pre- and post-operative bilateral breasts.Results:The difference in breast volume in the study group was significantly smaller bilaterally than in the control group [35.26 (20.01, 55.61) vs 110.02 (43.52, 186.30) cm 3,U=221.00, P=0.001]. The results reported by the evaluators showed that all five aspects of breast symmetry measured by breast reduction were significantly improved in the study group compared to the preoperative period ( P<0.001) and were all statistically superior to the control group ( P<0.05). Conclusions:Intraoperative three-dimensional scanning technology presents a dependable method to facilitate in optimizing bilateral breast symmetry, which in turn provides an opportunity to enhance the aesthetic outcome after reduction mammoplasty.
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Objective:To use three-dimensional (3D) scanning to measure the preoperative and postoperative nasal parameters of the patients received rhinoplasty with ear cartilage and silicone prosthesis, and to evaluate the clinical effect of the surgery.Methods:Sixteen female patients with an average age of 28.3 years, ranged from 21 to 35 years, received rhinoplasty with ear cartilage and silicone prosthesis in Wuhan Tongji Hospital from June 2018 to February 2019. Preoperative and postoperative 3D scanning was performed to measure nasal parameters, including linear length, angle, and proportional index.Results:All patients were satisfied with the postoperative outcomes. The postoperative nasal length, nasal height, and nasal depth increased significantly, and the postoperative nasal width and nasal tip width decreased. The postoperative nasolabial angle and nasofrontal angle were statistically improved, while the preoperative and postoperative data of columellar facial angle, nasal tip angle, and nasal column-lobular angle were not significantly different. The ratios of nasal depth and nasal width, nasal index and nasal tip protrusion were improved after surgery, while the postoperative ratios of nasal columella and nasal lobules length were not statistically improved.Conclusions:The 3D scanning allows for comprehensive and accurate measurement of the nasal parameters. The rhinoplasty with ear cartilage and silicone prosthesis is more effective in improving the overall contour of the nose, but less effective in improving the aesthetics of the nasal tip.
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Objective To validate the accuracy and reliability of structured-light three-dimensional （SL-3D） scanning in measuring the length and area of the regular and irregular scars on body surface and discuss its value in forensic practice. Methods The lengths of 30 cases of simulated linear scars and 50 cases of linear scars after injury were measured using soft ruler, vernier caliper + thin line method, and SL-3D scanning. The areas of 35 cases of simulated patchy scars and 15 cases of patchy scars after injury were measured using length × width, film tracing with coordinate paper method, pixel method, and SL-3D scanning, and then statistically analyzed. Results The differences between the length of the simulated linear scars measured by SL-3D scanning and standard length had no statistical significance. When simulated patchy scars and patchy scars after injury were measured with high surface curvature and large irregular areas, the differences between the results of SL-3D scanning measurement and the standard area had no statistical significance. When the length of 50 cases of linear scars after injury were measured using SL-3D scanning, the correlation coefficient between the measurement results of two different investigators was 0.998, and the correlation coefficient between the two measurement results by the same investigator was 1.000. The correlation coefficient between the results of SL-3D scanning and that of vernier caliper + thin line method was 0.996. Conclusion The three-dimensional information of the scars on the body surface can be acquired using SL-3D scanning. The measurement of the length and area of the scars is not influenced by the location of scars, curvature of surface, and human factors. The measurement results are accurate, reliable and has unique advantages.
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Humans , Cicatrix/pathology , Data Collection , Forensic Medicine , Imaging, Three-Dimensional , Reproducibility of Results , Research DesignABSTRACT
@#The postoperative evaluation of cleft lip is an important means to improve the operation method and the effect of the restoration. In recent years, the methods of cleft lip repair, such as Chinese western rotary propulsion, reconstruction of labial and nasal muscle tension band+trefoil flap, etc., have been developed. However, at present, there are still many secondary deformities, such as obvious scars and alar collapse. In this paper, in a review of the previous literature, the existing methods, advantages and disadvantages, and the application of the evaluation of the postoperative effect of cleft lip were reviewed. To date, there are many methods that can be used to evaluate the effect of cleft lip surgery. These research methods can be divided into subjective evaluation and objective evaluation, such as subjective evaluation, direct measurement, photo measurement, and three-dimensional scanning measurement. Among them, the subjective evaluation is simple, but the reliability is poor, and this method is suitable for all patients with cleft lip. The direct measurement has a low cost and is only suitable for one-dimensional information measurement, but the accuracy is poor, so it is difficult to determine the endpoints. The time of the photo measurement method is short, which can avoid tissue deformation, but it is easy to produce errors; this method is suitable for patients with cleft lip who can cooperate. The three-dimensional scanning measurement has a high accuracy, is time consuming and is a simple method but has a high cost and is suitable for areas with appropriate equipment conditions. Overall, the evaluation of the postoperative effect of cleft lip surgery should combine subjective evaluation with objective evaluation, dynamic evaluation with static evaluation, and utilize long-term follow-up to obtain comprehensive and accurate information and provide a reference for clinicians to carry out cleft lip surgery.
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Objective: To proform the digital three-dimensional reconstruction and measurement analysis of the normal Mongolian young students' digital anatomical features so to provide anatomical parameters for auricle reconstruction surgery, data measurement for traumatic ear defects, and provide basic data for forensic disability identification. Methods: A total of 32 Mongolian college students used the Artec Spider 3D scanner to perform a three-dimensional scan of the auricle. The 59 sides (28 cases on the left side and 31 cases on the right side) were screened out. Using software measurement according to anthropometry, the ear length and width of the ear, the length and width of the ear, the length and width of the earlobe, and the correlation analysis were carried out. Results: Fifty-nine cases of normal auricle were obtained. The results were as follows: morphological ear length was(25. 72±2. 64) mm, morphological ear width(49. 73± 5. 18)mm, physiognomic ear length(60. 06±4. 89) mm, physiognomic ear width(28. 68±3. 25) mm, earlobe length(15. 71± 2. 67) mm, lobe width(20. 45±2. 92) mm, the morphological ear index was 194. 98±26. 03, and the physiognomic ear index was 47. 91±5. 36. The morphological ear index was calculated to be 194. 98±26. 03, and the physiognomic index was 47. 91 ±5. 36. Conclusion: The symmetry of the auricle is good, and there is a gender difference in the appearance and ear length of the auricle (P<0. 05). There is a difference between the Mongolian nationality and the Han nationality in different regions (P<0. 05). The feature ear length of the Mongolian young college students is similar to that of the Sichuan Han nationality in northwest China. Male physiognomic ear of Han nationality in Henan province between 20 and 29 years old is longer than male physiognomic ear length of 20 to 22 years old in this paper. Male physiognomic ear length of Mongolian young college students are as those of Han Chinese men in northwest China. The features and ear length of Mongolian young college students are similar to that of the southern Han nationality at the age of 20. Male physiognomic ear of Han nationality in Tunpu, Guizhou province is longer in this study (20-22 years old). Both male and female Mongolian college students have longer ears than those in Northwestern India. Caucasian male appearance ear is longer than those in Mongolian young male college students' appearance ear.
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Objective@#To study the characteristics of maxillofacial contour data of male young adult group and to compare the differences between data acquired by structured light three-dimensional scanning and CT.@*Methods@#From November 2017 to December 2017, 120 healthy male volunteers from the General Hospital of Southern Theatre Command aged 20 to 30 years, weighed 55-85 kg, and with the height between 160-185 cm were selected. Three groups were carried out according to the concentrative trend of BMI: 17≤BMI<22(group A), 22≤BMI<24(group B), 24≤BMI<29(group C). Structured light scanning: Each volunteer underwent facial scanning and measurement by 3D medical simulation system and 3D precision digital shaping software in the system respectively. CT scanning: CT was also used for whole skull scanning and the harvested 3D data was calculated and measured with Mimics 13.0 and Geomagic Studio 2013 software. Three groups of measurements were statistically compared between groups using Paired-t sample test, One-way ANOVA or Wilcoxon rank sum test. P<0.05 indicates statistical difference.@*Results@#The result of structured light three-dimensional scanning data showed that the horizontal circumference of supraauricular base point (point A), tragus point (point B), earlobe point (point C) and midpoint of lip plane (point D) in group A were (276.70±11.71) mm, (286.06±7.69) mm, (256.53±11.01) mm, (244.89±11.85) mm. The values in group B were (289.22±8.91) mm, (301.57 ±3.61) mm, (270.68±11.85) mm and (257.02±11.76) mm. The values in group C were (297.53±5.70) mm, (314.12±4.73) mm, (278.29±9.04) mm and (260.21±17.33) mm. The results of CT three-dimensional reconstruction model: the horizontal circumference of superior ear base point, tragus point, ear lobe point and lip plane midpoint in group A were (274.55±9.98) mm, (283.33±7.35) mm, (260.32±12.64) mm, (241.97±11.94) mm. The values in group B were (286.40±7.29) mm, (300.28±2.73) mm, (274.89±7.91) mm and (253.84±12.04) mm. The values in group C were (293.27±8.18) mm, (310.38±8.43) mm, (283.41±10.94) mm and (254.67±13.71) mm. There was no significant difference between the two collection method (P>0.05). The statistical result of structured light three-dimensional scanning image data showed that there were significant differences between group A and group B, group A and group C, group B and group C(t=-5.798 6, -8.109 0, -4.044 3; P=0.000 0, 0.000 0, 0.000 1). By the circumference of horizontal plane at point B, there were significant differences between group A and group B, group A and group C, group B and group C(t=-12.190 0, -16.206 7, -12.054 2; P=0.000 0, 0.000 0, 0.000 0). There were significant differences in horizontal plane circumference between group A and group B, group A and group C, group B and group C(t=-6.078 8, -8.346 5, -2.686 5; P=0.000 0, 0.000 0, 0.009 2). Through the horizontal plane circumference of point C, there were significant differences between group A and group B, group A and group C, group B and group C. Through the horizontal plane circumference of point D, there were significant differences between group A and group B, group A and group C(t=-5.025 1, -4.495 4; P=0.000 0, 0.000 0). The difference between group B and group C was not statistically significant (t=-0.886 6, P=0.378 6). The statistical result of CT scanning reconstruction model data showed that there were significant differences in horizontal plane circumference between group A and group B, group A and group C, group B and group C(t=-6.520 5, -7.924 5, -3.495 7; P=0.000 0, 0.000 0, 0.000 9). According to the horizontal plane circumference of point B, there were significant differences between group A and group B, group A and group C, group B and group C. There were significant differences in horizontal plane circumference between group A and group B, group A and group C, group B and group C. By the circumference of horizontal plane at point C, there were significant differences between group A and group B, group A and group C, group B and group C(t=-6.596 1, -7.622 4, -3.637 7; P=0.000 0, 0.000 0, 0.000 6). According to the horizontal plane circumference of point D, there were significant differences between group A and group B, group A and group C (t=-4.846 0, -4.085 3; P=0.000 0, 0.000 1). The difference between group B and group C was not statistically significant (t=-0.254 2; P=0.800 1).@*Conclusions@#The three-dimensional data of the maxillofacial region of male young adults has a correlation with the BMI. Structured light three-dimensional scanning is a more accurate and convenient way to collect three-dimensional data of maxillofacial contour than CT scanning, which is helpful to improve the efficiency of clinical and scientific research.
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Objective@#The purpose is to explore the method and clinical effects of total nasal reconstruction with the assistance of three-dimensional (3D) scanning, 3D printing and monitoring the blood circulation after operation.@*Methods@#3D scanning: Artex Eva 3D scanner was used to record the nose data of 500 volunteers from Xuzhou Medical University and its affiliated hospital from September 2016 to February 2017. A nose database of normal individuals was established, of which male was 138 and female was 362. In addition, 3D facial scanning was performed in patients wish to total nasal reconstruction. 3D printing: The individualized nasal structure was designed, with the assistant of patients′facial characteristics, combined with the normal nose database and the opinion of the patients. Anactual nose model was used as guidance during the operation. Postoperative monitoring: The blood flow and the retraction rate of forehead flap after surgery were measured using Laser Doppler Flowmeter and Geomagic Qualify software. The blood flow values, the temperature and the surface area of the flap were recorded and analyzed.@*Results@#The nasal database of normal people in the Huaihai region successfully established. Overall, the width of the nose takes up a quarter of the width of the faces, and the length is 1/3 of the distance from the hairline to the chin. From February 2017 to June 2018, 7 cases underwent total nasal reconstruction operations were performed by this procedure. The nasal models were all successfully printed out, as the guide of flap taken during the operation. The mean operation time of the cases was (2.45±0.75) h, and the follow-up time was 5-15 months, with an average of 12.5 months. After the operations, the retraction rate of the forehead flap were (21.8±2.72)% in one month, and (29.1±1.82)% in six months. All patients are satisfied with the nasal appearance.@*Conclusions@#Nasal reconstruction with forehead flap based on 3D scanning and 3D printing, provides objective targets for nasal fine-structure in a noninvasive way. The postoperative monitoring of the blood flow promotes the successful completion of the total nose reconstruction.